Espondilodiscite em idade pediátrica ­ uma doença rara, um diagnóstico difícil / Spondylodiscitis in pediatric age ­ a rare disease, a difficult diagnosis

Introdução e objetivo: a espondilodiscite é a infeção que atinge o disco intervertebral e as vértebras contíguas e representa dois a quatro % do total das infeções osteoarticulares em idade pediátrica. O agente patogénico é identificado em cerca de metade dos casos, sendo o Staphylococcus aureus o mais frequentemente isolado. Estudos recentes demonstram que entre os seis meses e os quatro anos a Kingella kingae tem um papel etiológico importante. O objetivo da exposição deste caso clínico foi chamar atenção para esta patologia rara cujo diagnóstico é difícil e exige um elevado nível de suspeição. Descrição do caso: criança de 16 meses, sexo masculino, com antecedentes de obstipação, é trazida múltiplas vezes à Urgência Pediátrica por quadro com mais de um mês de evolução de irritabilidade persistente, dor abdominal e recusa da marcha de agravamento progressivo. Na segunda vinda à Urgência Pediátrica apresentava dorsolombalgia à palpação da coluna dorsolombar e diminuição da lordose lombar, o que motivou a realização de avaliação analítica, sumária de urina, ecografia renal e vesical e radiografia dorsolombar sem alterações. Na terceira vinda à Urgência Pediátrica foi decidido internamento e solicitada ressonância magnética nuclear dorsolombar e cintigrafia óssea que revelaram espondilodiscite em D7-D8. Parâmetros analíticos sem alterações valorizáveis, exceto discreta elevação da velocidade de sedimentação. Hemoculturas e restante estudo etiológico negativo. Iniciou terapêutica endovenosa com cefu-roxime e flucloxacilina, com melhoria progressiva das queixas álgicas. Aquando da alta, assintomático, mantendo flucloxacilina oral até completar seis semanas de tratamento. Reavaliado posteriormente, encontrando-se assintomático, com um exame físico, reavaliação analítica e radiografia dorsolombar sem alterações. Conclusões: a espondilodiscite é uma identidade de difícil diagnóstico, especialmente na criança, devido à sua raridade, clínica inespecífica, impossibilidade de as crianças verbalizarem os seus sintomas e aos sinais radiológicos tardios, requerendo um alto índice de suspeição. O intervalo médio de tempo entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico é de três semanas a três meses. A ressonância magnética é o exame de escolha. As hemoculturas são, muitas vezes, negativas. O pilar do tratamento é a antibioterapia por várias semanas, mas a sua escolha e duração são controversas. O tratamento inadequado pode originar dor crônica, sequelas ortopédicas graves e complicações neurológicas devastadoras. Quando atempada e adequadamente tratada, a maioria dos casos apresenta uma evolução clínica benigna e autolimitada.

Introduction and objective: spondylodiscitis is an infection that affects the intervertebral disc and the contiguous vertebrae. It represents two to four % of all osteoarticular infections in pediatric age. The pathogen is identified in about half of the cases, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most frequently isolated. Recent studies show that between six months and four years, Kingella kingaehas an important etiological role. The purpose of the presentation of this clinical case was to draw attention to this rare pathology whose diagnosis is difficult and requires a high level of suspicion. Clinical case description: a sixteen-month-old male, with a history of constipation, is brought multiple times to the Pediatric Emergency Department for a clinical picture with more than a month of evolution of persistent irritability, abdominal pain and refusal to walk, with progressive worsening. On the second visit to the Pediatric Emergency Department, he presented dorsolombalgia on palpation of the dorsolumbar spine and decreased lumbar lordosis, which led to the performance of analytical evaluation, urinalysis, renal and bladder ultrasound and dorsolumbar radiography, all without changes. On the third visit to the Pediatric Emergency Department, hospitalization was decided and dorsolumbar nuclear magnetic resonance and bone scintigraphy were requested, revealing spondylodiscitis in D7-D8. Analytical parameters had no changes, except for a slight increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Blood cultures and remaining etiological study negatives. Intravenous therapy with cefuroxime and flucloxacillin was started with progressive improvement of pain. Upon discharge he was asymptomatic and maintained oral flucloxacillin until a total of six weeks of treatment. He was subsequently reassessed and remained asymptomatic, with a physical examination, analytical evaluation and dorsolumbar radiography without changes. Conclusions: spondylodiscitis is an identity that is difficult to diagnose, especially in children, due to its rarity, unspecific clinic, inability for children to verbalize their symptoms and late radiologic signs, requiring a high index of suspicion. The average time between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis is three weeks to three months. Magnetic resonance imaging is the exam of choice. Blood cultures are often negative. The mainstay of treatment is antibiotic therapy for several weeks, but its choice and duration are controversial. Inappropriate treatment can lead to chronic pain, severe orthopaedic sequelae and devastating neurological complications. When timely and properly treated, most cases have a benign and self-limited clinical course.

Perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana em infecções do sítio cirúrgico em um hospital público de traumato-ortopedia no Nordeste do Brasil / Antimicrobial susceptibility profile in surgical site infections in the trauma and orthopedic service of a public hospital in the Brazilian Northeast region

Objetivo: As infecções de sítios cirúrgicos (ISC) constituem a terceira maior classe de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde no Brasil e estão consideravelmente aumentadas em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos ortopédicos. Grande parte das ISC ortopédicas relacionam-se a bactérias Gram-positivas, dentre elas Staphylococcus ssp. Outros microrganismos comumente encontrados são: Enterococcus ssp., assim como bactérias Gram-negativas, com destaque para Escherichia coli, e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. O presente estudo objetivou identificar a frequência de infecções bacterianas em sítios cirúrgicos e perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com análise de resultados microbiológicos de pacientes atendidos no serviço de traumato-ortopedia em hospital público de referência, entre agosto de 2016 a setembro de 2018. Resultados: Do total de 258 amostras enviadas ao laboratório, 138 isolados foram positivos, 84% foram pacientes masculinos, nos quais 32 espécies de bactérias foram identificadas, sendo as mais frequentes Staphylococcus aureus (25,2%), Enterococcus faecalis (10,8%), seguido das bactérias Gram-negativas Escherichia coli (9,9%) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9,9%). A suscetibilidade antimicrobiana revelou que 87,5% dos Staphylococcus aureus isolados eram MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina) e sensíveis a vancomicina (96,4%) e Teicoplanina (98,2%). Considerando as Gram negativas, este estudo mostrou que houve frequência similar entre Escherichia coli (9,9%) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9,9%), seguido de Klebsiella pneumoniae (8,1%). A Escherichia coli, apresentou altas taxas de resistência às cefalosporinas e penicilinas. Conclusão: O perfil microbiológico e a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana devem ser considerados na determinação das terapias antimicrobianas adequadas para controle das infecções hospitalares, possibilitando uso racional de antibióticos e diminuição da resistência bacteriana.

Objective: Surgical site infections (SSIs) represent the third largest class of infections related to health care in Brazil. Risk of SSIs increase in patients undergoing orthopedic surgical procedures. Most orthopedic SSI are related to Gram-positive bacteria, among them Staphylococcus ssp. Other microorganisms commonly found are Enterococcus, as well as Gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The present study aimed to identify the frequency of bacterial infections in surgical sites and antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Methods: Retrospective study analyzed microbiological results from patients attending the orthopedic trauma service in a public referral hospital from August 2016 to September 2018. Results: Of the 258 samples sent to the laboratory, 138 isolates were positive, 84% were from male patients and more than 31 species of bacteria were identified, with the most frequent being Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (25,2%) and the second most frequent being Enterococcus faecalis (10.8%), followed by Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli (9.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.9%). The antimicrobial susceptibility showed that 87.5% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were MRSA (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and presented sensitivity to vancomycin (96.4%) and Teicoplanine (98.2%). Considering gram-negative bacteria, this study showed that there was a technical tie between Escherichia coli (9.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.9%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.1%). Regarding the antimicrobial susceptibility profile, Escherichia coli presented high resistance to cephalosporin and Penicillin. Conclusion: Microbiological profile and susceptibility to antimicrobials must be considered when determining the most appropriate antibiotic therapies to control hospital infections and decrease emergence of bacterial resistance.

Fallo multiórganos por endocarditis infecciosa fulminante durante hemodiálisis / Multi-organs failure for infectious fulminating endocarditis during hemodialysis

Introducción: Al colocar el catéter venoso central en enfermos de insuficiencia renal crónica durante la hemodiálisis, la prevención es imprescindible para evitar la endocarditis infecciosa. El estafilococo dorado es un germen agresivo, que en enfermos inmunodeprimidos con fenómenos cardioembólicos pulmonares y sistémicos, ocasiona daños a funciones de órganos y sistemas. El fenómeno de fallo multiórganos es una complicación temida. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de endocarditis infecciosa agresiva, en un paciente en hemodiálisis. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina, de 31 años de edad, con diagnóstico de endocarditis infecciosa, con tratamiento oportuno, adecuado y multidisciplinario. Después de una mejoría, pasó a un deterioro marcado, falleció por fallo multiórganos, debido a septicemia y cardioembolismos múltiples. Comentarios: La resistencia de los gérmenes agresivos, se hace más frecuente. La vida de la enferma, inmunodeprimida y manipulada, se sitúa en riesgo significativo con fallo multiórganos(AU)

Introduction: When placing the central venous catheter in patients with chronic renal failure during hemodialysis, prevention is essential to avoid infective endocarditis. Staphylococcus aureus is an aggressive germ, which in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary and systemic cardioembolic phenomena, causes damage to functions of organs and systems. The phenomenon of multi-organ failure is a feared complication. Objective: To present a case of aggressive infective endocarditis in a hemodialysis patient. Clinical case: Female patient, 31 years old, with a diagnosis of infective endocarditis, with timely, adequate and multidisciplinary treatment. After an improvement, he went on to a marked deterioration, died due to multi-organ failure, due to septicemia and multiple cardioembolisms. Comment: The resistance of aggressive germs becomes more frequent. The life of the patient, immunocompromised and manipulated, is at significant risk with multi-organ failure (AU)

Sternal wound complications: results of routine use of negative pressure wound therapy

Abstract Introduction: Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has significantly improved outcomes in individuals with superficial and deep sternal wound dehiscence (SWD). We report our experience with NPWT to evaluate factors influencing effectiveness, duration of treatment and postoperative hospital stay. Methods: We reviewed 92 patients with postoperative SWD following a median sternotomy. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with a superficial SWD (Group 1; 72, 78%) and those with a deep SWD (Group 2; 20, 28%). Group 1 was further divided into 3 subgroups based on NPWT duration. Results: In both groups, none of the preoperative characteristics examined showed a significant association with longer NPWT duration. In Group 2, there was a trend for postoperative bleeding and neurological complications to be associated with longer treatment duration. In the entire series, staph infection resulted a weak predictor of NPWT duration. In each Group 1 subgroup and in Group 2, treatment days were compared with duration of hospitalization until discharge. Mean post-NPWT hospital stay was 6 days in subgroup 1, 12 days in subgroup 2 and 20 days in subgroup 3 (P<0.0001). At a median 3-year follow-up, there were 4 late deaths, none related to wound complications. No cases of SWD recurrence were observed. Conclusion: Our results confirm the effectiveness of NPWT in SWD management, while excessive treatment duration might have a negative impact on the length of hospital stay. Further studies are needed to define an optimal use of NPWT protocol.

Análise do perfil de atendimentos por osteomielite em pacientes acima de 60 anos em regiões brasileiras / Analysis of the profile of osteomyelitis care in patients over 60 years of age in Brazilian regions

Objetivo: Realizar uma análise estatística das internações de pacientes idosos com osteomielite, por região brasileira. Métodos: Foram pesquisadas informações de saúde disponíveis na plataforma do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), avaliando-se, de 2012 a 2016, as variáveis: internações por osteomielite (M86 do CID-10), faixa etária acima de 60 anos, sexo e etnia. Resultados: De 78.967 pacientes internados por osteomielite no Brasil, 16.736 (21,19%) eram idosos, com a Região Sudeste registrando maior número de casos (7.163 internações; 42,79%), seguida da Nordeste (5.165; 30,86%), da Sul (2.462; 14,71%), da Centro-Oeste (1.162; 6,9%) e da Norte (784; 4,6%). O número de internações manteve-se relativamente constante, com média de 3.347 casos por ano. Pacientes de 60 a 69 anos foram os com maior registro (8.786 casos; 52,49%). Em segundo lugar, ficaram os de 70 a 79 anos (5.232; 31,2%) e, por último, os acima de 80 anos (2.718; 16,24%). Em relação ao sexo, o masculino notificou 9.232 internações (55,16%), com 7.504 (44,83%) para o feminino. A etnia branca apresentou maior número de notificações (6.117; 36,54%), principalmente nas Regiões Sudeste e Sul, seguida pela parda (4.947; 29,55%), que se destacou dentre as demais regiões. Conclusão: Diante da heterogeneidade de fatores que predispõem à osteomielite, com destaque para o diabetes mellitus, urge garantir um manejo precoce da infecção e de comorbidades causadoras, a fim de evitar complicações debilitantes ao idoso, bem como prevenir futuras recidivas e internações onerosas ao sistema de saúde brasileiro. (AU)

Objective: To perform a statistical analysis of hospitalizations of elderly patients with osteomyelitis, by Brazilian region. Methods: Health information available from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) platform was investigated, from 2012 to 2016. The following variables were assessed: admissions due to osteomyelitis (ICD-10 M86), age group over 60, gender and ethnicity. Results: Of the 78,967 patients hospitalized due to osteomyelitis in Brazil, 16,736 (21.19%) were elderly, with the Southeast Region having a higher number of cases (7,163 admissions - 42.79%), followed by the Northeast (5,165 - 30.86%), South (2,462 - 14,71%), Midwest (1,162 - 6,9%), and North (784 - 4,6%). The number of hospitalizations remained relatively constant, with an average of 3,347 cases per year. Patients aged 60 to 69 years were the ones with the highest registry (8,786 cases - 52.49%); in second place, those aged 70 to 79 years (5,232 - 31.2%) and, finally, those above 80 years old (2,718 - 16.24%). Regarding gender, males accounted for 9,232 hospitalizations (55.16%), with 7,504 (44.83%) for females. White people had the highest number of reports (6,177 - 36.54%), mainly in the Southeast and South Regions, followed by browns (4,947 - 29.55%), who were more prevalent in the other regions. Conclusion: In view of the heterogeneity of factors that predispose to osteomyelitis, especially diabetes mellitus, it is urgent that early management of the infection and causative comorbidities is ensured, in order to avoid debilitating complications for the elderly, as well as to prevent future relapses, and costly hospitalizations to the Brazilian health system. (AU)

Neumonía grave en la comunidad: ¿cuándo pensar en SAMR-AC? / Severe community pneumonia: when to think about CA-MRSA

ntroducción: Aunque la incidencia de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-resistente adquirido en la comunidad (SAMR-AC) es inferior al 10%, por su elevada mortalidad debe considerarse en los pacientes graves.Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo asociados con SAMR-AC en pacientes con NAC grave. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, que analizó pacientes con NAC con diagnóstico etiológico ingresados en terapia intensiva en un hospital público entre 2006 y 2017.Resultados: Se incluyeron 250 episodios de NAC, 53 por SAMR-AC y 197 por otros agentes. Los pacientes con SAMR fueron más jóvenes (35,6±13,4 vs 43,1±12,4, p<0,001) y mostraron mayores tasas de infecciones de piel y estructuras relacionadas (IPER) (58,4% vs 2,0%, p<0,001), empiema (15,9% vs 5,0%, p=0,006), compromiso radiológico bilateral (81,1% vs 36,0%, p<0,001), promedio de score APACHE II basal (16,7±3,8 vs 13,2±4,3, p<0,001) y requerimiento de ventilación mecánica (VM) (33,9 vs 17,6 p=0,009). La tasa de mortalidad fue significativamente mayor para los pacientes con SAMR-AC (35,8% vs 11,1%, p<0,001). Las variables que se asociaron con SAMR-AC fueron IPER (OR 67,99, IC 5% 21,94-210,65), compromiso radiológico bilateral (OR 7,63, IC 95% 3,67-16,11), scoreAPACHE II ≥ 15 (OR 4,37, IC 95% 2,08-9,16), edad ≤ 35 años RESUMENTRABAJO COMPLETO(OR 3,60, IC 95% 1,77-7,29), empiema (OR 3,32, IC 95% 1,24-8,10) y VM (OR 2,85, IC 95% 1,36-5,86). Conclusión: En pacientes con NAC grave, la presencia de IPER, compromiso radiológico bilateral, score APACHE II ≥ 15, edad ≤ 35 años, empiema y VM se asociaron significativamente con mayor probabilidad de infección por SAMR-AC

ntroduction: Despite the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) being less than 10%, its presence should be considered in critical patients because of its high rate of mortality.Objectives: To identify risk factors associated with CA-MRSA in patients with severe CAP.Materials and method: A retrospective, observational study analysed episodes of etiological diagnosis in patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit in a public hospital between 2006 and 2017.Results: 250 episodes of NAC were included, among which 53 were caused by SAMR-AC and 197 by other agents. Patients with MRSA were the youngest (35.6±13.4 vs 43.1±12.4, p<0.001), and showed higher rates of skin and skin-structure infections (SSSI) (58.4% vs 2.0%, p<0.001), empyema (15.9% vs 5.0%, p=0.006), bilateral radiological compromise (81.1% vs 36.0%, p<0.001), average base-line APACHE II score (16.7±3.8 vs 13.2±4.3, p<0.001) and mechanical ventilation requirement rate (MV) (33.9 vs 17.6 p=0.009). The mortality rate was significantly higher than the one in CA-MRSA patients (35.8% vs 11.1%, p<0.001). The variables associated with CA-MRSA were SSSI (OR 67.99, IC 5% 21.94-210.65), bilateral radiological compromise (OR 7.63, IC 95% 3.67-16.11), APACHE II score ≥ 15 (OR 4.37, IC 95% 2.08-9.16), age ≤35 years (OR 3.60, IC 95% 1.77-7,29), empyema (OR 3.32, IC 95% 1.24-8.10) and MV (OR 2.85, IC 95% 1.36-5.86).Conclusion: The presence of SSSI, bilateral radiological compromise, APACHE II score ≥ 15, age ≤35 years, empyema and MV in patients with severe CAP was largely associated with higher probability of CA-MRSA infection

Piomiositis primaria del músculo esternocleidomastoideo: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Primary pyomyositis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle: a case report and review of the literature

RESUMEN La piomiositis es una infección bacteriana del músculo estriado, siendo extremadamente rara la afectación de la musculatura cervical. Se ha asociado en nuestro medio a enfermedades crónicas como la diabetes y a la inmunodepresión. Presentamos a un paciente de 67 años que acude al servicio de urgencias por tumoración laterocervical de rápido crecimiento, negando antecedentes de interés a excepción de diabetes mellitus tipo II. Se le realizó estudio de imagen con tomografía computarizada con contraste, observándose aumento de volumen del músculo esternocleidomastoideo izquierdo y se empezó tratamiento empírico con antibióticos endovenosos. Dada la evolución tórpida finalmente se realizó drenaje quirúrgico bajo anestesia general con mejoría de los parámetros clínicos y analíticos. La piomiositis de los músculos cervicales es muy rara (0,4%-1% de todos los casos) siendo el esternocleidomastoideo el músculo del cuello más frecuentemente afectado. La tomografía computarizada representa la prueba de imagen de elección, permitiendo un rápido diagnóstico llegando a poder diferenciar este cuadro de otros similares. Considerando que muchos de estos pacientes presentan comorbilidades asociadas y/o inmunosupresión, es de extrema importancia diagnosticarlos precozmente y empezar un tratamiento adecuado que dependerá del grado y extensión de la infección. A pesar de ser una entidad poco frecuente, su incidencia está en aumento en nuestro medio asociada a la infección por VIH y otras condiciones de inmunodepresión. Hay que tenerla en mente en el diagnóstico diferencial de las tumoraciones laterocervicales porque solo con una alta sospecha clínica se podrá llevar al cabo un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento adecuado.

ABSTRACT Pyomyositis is a bacterial infection of the striated muscle that may affect the cervical musculature in very few cases. In the occidental world it has been associated with chronic diseases as diabetes and immunosuppression. We present a 67 years old patient attended to the Emergency Department because of a laterocervical fast growth tumor, without an interesting clinical history with the exception of type II diabetes mellitus. A CT scan with contrast showed an increased volume in the left sternocleidomastoid muscle, so an empiric treatment with intravenous antibiotics was started. Because of a bad evolution we finally performed a surgical drainage of the abscess under general anesthesia with an improvement of symptoms and laboratory markers. The pyomyositis of cervical muscles is very rare (0.4-1% of all cases) and the sternocleidomastoid muscle is the most commonly affected cervical muscle. CT scan is the gold standard imaging technique, because it allows to diagnose this disease and rule out other similar entities. If we consider that many patients present with associated comorbidities and/ or immunosuppression, it's very important to perform a rapid diagnosis and to begin a correct treatment that depends on the grade and extension of the infection. Although polymyositis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is rare, its incidence is increasing associated to HIV infection and other immunosuppressive conditions. We have to keep in mind this pathology in the differential diagnosis of laterocervical tumors because high clinical suspicion is necessary to make a rapid diagnosis and a correct treatment.

Caracterización de neumonía por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente en hospital militar de alta complejidad / Characterization of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in high complex militar hospital

Introducción: Por su capacidad de resistencia, las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina (SAMR) representan un reto importante en la terapéutica. Se desarrolló este estudio con el fin de caracterizar la población con neumonía por SAMR del Hospital Militar Central. Métodos: Se condujo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en pacientes con diagnóstico de neumonía bacteriana con aislamiento microbiológico positivo para SAMR. El análisis de los datos se realizó a través de medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Resultados: Durante el periodo de 4 años de estudio hubo 211 aislamientos correspondientes a S. aureus de los cuales 22 correspondieron a neumonía bacteriana por SAMR. La neumonía nosocomial fue la forma más frecuente de presentación (54,5%), seguida por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (36,3%). El 36,3% de los pacientes eran militares activos, el 31,8% militares retirados o civiles. La frecuencia de comorbilidades fue del 92,3% siendo la enfermedad renal crónica y malignidad las más frecuentes. Conclusión: Desde el punto de vista clínico la neumonía por SAMR se caracterizó por una mayor cantidad de pacientes jóvenes y sin comorbilidades contrastando con neumonía nosocomial que se caracterizó por una población de más edad y con mayor prevalencia de comorbilidades.

Introduction: Strains methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), to be resistant to most beta-lactam available and different families of antibiotics, represent a major challenge in therapeutics; for this reason, it is necessary to conduct studies to characterize better patients with MRSA infection. Methods: A descriptive study of cross section of patients diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia with positive microbiological isolation for MRSA was conducted by reviewing medical records and susceptibility testing relevant demographic and clinical data were extracted. The data analysis was conducted through measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: During the period of 4 years of study; there were 211 isolates corresponding to S. aureus; of which 22 were for MRSA bacterial pneumonia. Nosocomial pneumonia was the most common presentation (54,5%); followed by community-acquired pneumonia (36,3%). 36,3% of patients were military personnel, 31,8% retired military or civilians. The frequency of comorbidities was 92,3% being chronic kidney disease and the most common malignancy. Conclusion: From the clinical point of view MRSA pneumonia it was characterized by a greater number of young patients without comorbidities; which contrasted with nosocomial pneumonia was characterized by an aging population and higher prevalence of comorbidities.

Prevalencia y perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en bacterias aisladas de úlceras crónicas infectadas en adultos / Prevalence and susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from infected chronic wounds in adult patients

Resumen Introducción: Las úlceras crónicas son un problema de salud pública, agravándose por infecciones bacterianas causadas principalmente por agentes resistentes. Objetivo: Estudiar prevalencia y perfil de susceptibilidad en bacterias aisladas de úlceras crónicas en pacientes adultos. Pacientes y Métodos: Pacientes atendidos en la Fundación Instituto Nacional de Heridas entre mayo y julio de 2014, con úlceras crónicas en extremidades inferiores con signos inflamatorios clínicos. Las muestras fueron cultivadas en aerobiosis y anaerobiosis y para la identificación bacteriana se empleó el sistema de galerías API (Biomerieux). La susceptibilidad in vitro se evaluó según el método de Kirby Bauer. Resultados: Se reclutaron 73 pacientes, entre quienes 46 presentaron úlceras infectadas, diagnosticándose 33 úlceras venosas con predominio de infección polimicrobiana y 10 úlceras de pie diabético con predominio de infección monomicrobiana (p ≤ 0,05). Se aislaron 68 cepas de los 46 pacientes con úlcera infectada. Las enterobacterias predominaron en infección monomicrobiana (p ≤ 0,05) y los demás grupos bacterianos fueron levemente más frecuentes en infección polimicrobiana. La especie prevalente fue Staphylococcus aureus (24%) seguida de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18%). Cincuenta cepas (77%) presentaron resistencia a uno o más antibacterianos. Destacamos resistencia de S. aureus a ciprofloxacina (50%) y cefoxitina (37,5%) identificándose así resistencia a meticilina en la comunidad (SARM-AC), siendo todas sensibles a cotrimoxazol. Las enterobacterias presentaron resistencia a sensibilidad a amikacina (95,5%), P. aeruginosa evidenció resistencia a ciprofloxacina (33,3%) con alta sensibilidad a gentamicina (91,7%) y amikacina (83,3%), mientras Acinetobacter spp presentó resistencia a ciprofloxacina y ceftazidima en 60%, con 100% de sensibilidad a imipenem. Streptococcus β hemolítico presentó 50% de resistencia a clindamicina y penicilina. Conclusión: Estos datos entregan información epidemiológica de infecciones de úlceras crónicas, representando un apoyo al diagnóstico, tratamiento y manejo de esta patología.

Background: Chronic wounds are considered a public health problem that may be complicated by bacterial infections, mainly caused by resistant strains. Aim: To study the bacteria prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility in samples from adult patients with chronic wounds. Methods: Patients treated at National Institute of Wounds Foundation between May and July 2014, with chronic ulcers in lower extremities with clinical inflammatory signs were recluted. Samples were cultured in aerobic and anaerobic atmosphere and species identification was performed by API (Biomerieux) galleries. The in vitro susceptibility was evaluated according to the Kirby Bauer method. Results: From 73 patients, 46 had infected wounds most of them were venous ulcers (33) with prevalence in polymicrobial infections and 10 with foot-diabetes ulcers with prevalence in monomicrobial infections (p ≤ 0.05). Sixty-eight strains were isolated and Enterobacteriaceae were predominant in monomicrobial infection (p ≤ 0.05) and the other groups were slightly higher in polymicrobial infection. The main species were Staphylococcus aureus (24%) followed by P. aeruginosa (18%). Fifty strains (77%) were resistant or multi-resistance. We emphasize resistance of S. aureus to ciprofloxacin (50%) and cefoxitin (37.5%), thus identifying resistance to methicillin in the community (CA-SAMR), all of which are sensitive to cotrimoxazole. Enterobacteria showed sensitivity to amikacin (95.5%), P. aeruginosa showed resistance to ciprofloxacin (33.3%) with high sensitivity to gentamicin (91.7%) and amikacin (83.3%), while Acinetobacter spp showed resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime in 60%, with 100% sensitivity to imipenem. 50% Streptococcus β hemolytic showed resistance to clindamycin and penicillin. Conclusion: These data provide epidemiological information on chronic wound infections, representing support for diagnosis, treatment and management of this pathology.

Absceso subpectoral como diagnóstico diferencial de hombro doloroso: reporte de un caso / Subpectoral abscess as a differential diagnosis of painful shoulder: a case report

Los síndromes dolorosos del hombro son relativamente comunes en la práctica clínica. Habitualmente son causados por un número limitado de patologías. Dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales, el pinzamiento subacromial, las lesiones aisladas del manguito rotador, capsulitis adhesiva, tendinitis cálcica, patología degenerativa de las articulaciones glenohumeral y acromioclavicular, y la inestabilidad crónica del hombro, son causas comunes. Causas infrecuentes son la rotura del tendón del bíceps, neuralgias, patología infecciosa articular y tumores del hombro. Un absceso subpectoral sin sintomatología infecciosa clara es una causa extremadamente rara de hombro doloroso en el adulto. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 60 años, que inicia con un cuadro de hombro doloroso cuya causa se identifica como un absceso subpectoral por staphylococcus aureus que se maneja con drenaje quirúrgico y tratamiento antibiótico endovenoso con buenos resultados.

Painful shoulder syndromes are commonly caused by a limited assortment of pathologies. Differential diagnosis include rotator cuff impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tears, adhesive capsulitis, calcific tendonitis, degenerative disease of the joint including acromio-clavicular and gleno-humeral joints and chronic instability. Less common causes are labral tears, biceps tendon rupture, soft tissue infection, neurologic disease, joint infection and shoulder tumors. A subpectoral abscess without infectious clinical features is a very rare cause of shoulder pain in adults. We present the case of a 52 years old male who develops a painful shoulder syndrome caused by a staphylococcus aureus subpectoral abscess, treated by surgical drainage and intravenous antibiotic therapy with good results.

Prevalence of and risk factors associated with the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the chronic wounds of patients treated in primary health care settings in Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Wounds can be colonized by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). METHODS: We evaluated the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in the wounds of patients treated at Basic Health Units in Brazil and identified risk factors associated with their presence. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA were 51.5% and 8.7%, respectively. There was a correlation between the presence of S. aureus in wounds and nostrils (p<0.01). A positive association was detected between S. aureus infection and previous benzylpenicillin use (p=0.02). No associations were observed for MRSA. CONCLUSIONS: Multidrug-resistant pathogens are present in primary healthcare settings in Brazil.

Guia prático de atualização em dermatite atópica - Parte I: etiopatogenia, clínica e diagnóstico. Posicionamento conjunto da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria / Updated practical guide on atopic dermatitis - Part I: etiopathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis. Joint position paper of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology and the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics

A dermatite atópica (DA) é uma doença crônica e recidivante que acomete principalmente pacientes da faixa etária pediátrica. A fisiopatologia inclui fatores genéticos, alterações na barreira cutânea e imunológicas. A prevalência da DA no Brasil, entre adolescentes, oscila entre 7,1% e 12,5%, com tendência à estabilização. O diagnóstico é clínico, e exames complementares auxiliam na determinação dos fatores desencadeantes. A identificação dos fatores irritantes e/ou desencadeantes envolvidos permite melhor controle das crises. Entre os fatores desencadeantes destacam-se os agentes infecciosos, alérgenos alimentares e aeroalérgenos. Tomando-se como ponto de partida o "Guia Prático para o Manejo da Dermatite Atópica ­ opinião conjunta de especialistas em alergologia da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunopatologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria" publicado em 2006, foi realizada revisão e atualização dos conceitos apresentados por grupo de alergologistas, dermatologistas e pediatras especializados no tratamento de pacientes com DA. O objetivo desta revisão foi elaborar um documento prático e que auxilie na compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na DA, assim como dos possíveis fatores de risco associados a sua apresentação, bem como sobre a avaliação subsidiária disponível para a identificação dos fatores associados à DA.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, recurrent skin disease that mainly affects pediatric patients. The pathophysiology of AD includes genetic factors, skin barrier abnormalities, and immunological factors. The prevalence of AD in Brazil, among adolescents, ranges from 7.1% to 12.5%, with a trend towards stabilization. The diagnosis of AD is clinical, and complementary tests can help determine the triggering factors. Identification of the irritating and/or triggering factors involved allows better control of exacerbations. Among the triggering factors, infectious agents, food allergens, and aeroallergens stand out. Taking as a starting point the Practical Guide for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis ­ joint opinion of specialists in allergology of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunopathology and of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics, published in 2006, the present paper describes the results of the review and update of different concepts related to AD, conducted by a group of allergists, dermatologists, and pediatricians specializing in the treatment of patients with AD. The objective of this review was to design a practical document that can help improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in AD, possible risk factors associated with its presentation, as well as ancillary tests available to identify factors associated with AD.

Frecuencia de staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente y del factor de virulencia PVL en pacientes ambulatorios con infección de piel y partes blandas de Asunción, Paraguay / Frequency of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureusand PVL virulence factor in ambulatory patients with skinand soft tissue infections of Asuncion, Paraguay

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) es actualmente el agente etiológico más frecuente en infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos. El S. aureus meticilino resistente (SAMR) aislado en infecciones de pacientes de la comunidad ha ido aumentando, constituyéndose en un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. En Paraguay existen pocos registros sobre la meticilino resistencia y factores de virulencia a nivel comunitario, por lo que se realizó este estudio observacional descriptivo para determinar la frecuencia de SAMR y del factor de virulencia leucocidina de Panton Valentine (PVL-Panton Valentine leukocidin), así como el perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana acompañante a la meticilino resistencia en S. aureus aisladosde infecciones de piel y partes blandas de pacientes ambulatorios de dos laboratorios de Asunción, Paraguay, entre octubre de 2012 a febrero de 2014. La identificación bacteriana se realizó mediante técnicas microbiológicas convencionales y la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana por la prueba de difusión en disco. Elgen mecA y luk-PV fueron detectados por la técnica de PCR. De los 70 aislados de S. aureus estudiados, el 54,3% (38/70) fue SAMR tanto por método fenotípico como molecular. La frecuenciade PVL fue de 15,7% (11/70), siendo mayor en los SAMR (21%; 8/38) que en los SAMS (9,4%; 3/32). El 2,6% de los SAMR presentó resistencia a ciprofloxacina, no se observó multiresistencia en ningún aislado. Se encontró alta frecuencia de SAMR comparado con reportes previos en Paraguay. Se requiere fortalecer estrategias de vigilancia, prevención y control de la resistencia bacteriana en ambientes hospitalarios y de la comunidad.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is currently the most common etiologic agentof skin and soft tissue infections. The isolation of methicillin-resistant S. aureus(MRSA) from infections of patients in the community has increased, becoming a public health problem worldwide. In Paraguay, there are few records aboutmethicillin resistance and virulence factors at community level. Therefore, this descriptive observational study was performed to determine the frequency of MRSA and factor virulence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) as well as the antimicrobial resistance profile accompanying methicillin resistance in S. aureusisolated from skin and soft tissue infections in ambulatory patients from two laboratories of Asuncion, Paraguay from October, 2012 to February, 2014. The bacterial identification was performed using conventional microbiological techniques and the antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion. The mecA andluk-PV genes were detected by PCR technique. Out of the 70 S. aureus isolates studied, 54.3% (38/70) was SAMR by phenotypic and molecular methods. PVL frequency was 15.7% (11/70) being higher in MRSA (21%; 8/38) than in the SAMS (9.4%; 3/32), 2.6% of the MRSA was resistant to ciprofloxacin and multidrug resistance was not observed in any isolates. A high frequency of MRSA was found compared with previous reports in Paraguay. It is required to strengthen surveillance, prevention and control of bacterial resistance strategies in hospital and community environments.

Espondilodiscitis: experiencia clínica en un hospital general de Chile / Spondylodiscitis: clinical experience in a Chilean general hospital

Introducción: La espondilodiscitis (ED) implica prolongados períodos de hospitalización, de latencia diagnóstica y riesgo de complicaciones a largo plazo. No existen publicaciones recientes en Chile al respecto. Objetivos: Caracterizar un grupo de pacientes con ED. Pacientes y Métodos: Serie clínica, que incluyó pacientes en un período de ocho años. Resultados: 37 pacientes, 37,8% mujeres y 62,2% hombres, con promedio etario 66,8 años; 64,9% adultos mayores, 35,1% diabéticos y 21,6% con co-morbilidad urológica. Los principales síntomas fueron dolor y fiebre. 89,2% tuvo elevación de VHS. 86,5% contó con resonancia magnética, que siempre fue confirmatoria, siendo la columna lumbar la localización más frecuente (43,2%). Se identificó etiología en 28/37 pacientes: en 71,4% cocáceas grampositivas (Staphylococcus aureus predominantemente), sólo en 10,7% M. tuberculosis. Staphylococcus aureus estuvo asociado a co-morbilidades médicas en forma significativa (p < 0,05) y el grupo de bacilos gramnegativos a historia hepatobiliar y/o intestinal (p < 0,05). El método de mayor rendimiento fue el cultivo obtenido por punción quirúrgica. El tratamiento antimicrobiano fue indicado en promedio por 63,8 días (IQR 53-72), con reacciones adversas en 18,9%. La estadía hospitalaria fue 38,9 días promedio, no existiendo fallecidos durante este período. 18,9% presentó secuelas motoras. Discusión: La mayoría de pacientes con ED correspondió a adultos mayores, siendo S. aureus la principal etiología. Hubo una baja frecuencia de M. tuberculosis. Resultó considerable la magnitud de efectos adversos asociados a la terapia antimicrobiana y las complicaciones neurológicas.

Background: Spondylodiscitis (SD) involves long periods of hospitalization, diagnostic latency and risk of long-term complications. No updated series are available in Chile and a change in demographic features and etiology is suspected. Aim: To characterize a group of patients with SD. Patients and Methods: Clinical series including patients over an 8 year period. Results: We identified 37 patients; 37.8% women and 62.2% men (mean age 66.8 years); 64.9% were elderly; 35.1% had diabetes and 21.6% urological comorbidity. Main symptoms were pain and fever. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated in 89.2%, and 86.5% patients had MRI, which was always confirmatory. Lumbar spine was the most common site of infection (43.2%). Etiology was identified in 28/37 patients: 71.4% yielded grampositive cocci (Staphylococcus aureus predominantly), Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified in only 10.7%. Staphylococcus aureus was associated to medical comorbidities (p < 0,05) and gramnegative bacilli to hepatobiliar or intestinal symptoms (p < 0,05). Culture obtained by a surgical procedure had the highest yield. The average duration of antibiotic therapy was 63.8 days (IQR 53-72). Treatment-related side effects were detected in 18.9% of patients. The average hospital stay was 38.9 days. No deaths occurred during hospitalization. Motor sequelae were present in 18.9% of this series. Discussion: Most patients with SD were older adults. Staphylococcus aureus was predominant and M. tuberculosis was uncommon. Antibiotic side effects were relevant as well as the neurological complications.

Prevalência de diagnóstico médico de asma em adultos brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 / Prevalence of asthma medical diagnosis among Brazilian adults: National Health Survey, 2013

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de diagnóstico médico de asma na população adulta brasileira (≥ 18 anos). Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), de 2013; processo amostral por conglomerado com três estágios de seleção: setor censitário, domicílio e indivíduo. Calculou-se a prevalência e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) do desfecho "diagnóstico médico de asma" relatado pelo entrevistado e sua distribuição conforme variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, macrorregiões e zona urbana ou rural do país. Ainda foi investigado o manejo da asma naqueles que responderam afirmativamente sobre o diagnóstico médico; as análises foram ponderadas. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 60.202 adultos. A prevalência do diagnóstico médico de asma foi de 4,4% (IC95% 4,1 - 4,7), maior no sexo feminino, nos de cor branca, com maior escolaridade e moradores na região Sul; entre aqueles com diagnóstico médico, observou-se percentual elevado (38,2%) de crises de asma nos últimos 12 meses, com cerca de 80% usando medicação e 15% com limitação severa às atividades diárias. Conclusões: Apesar da estabilidade da prevalência da asma comparada a estudos anteriores no país, ainda são necessárias políticas para melhor manejo da doença.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of asthma medical diagnosis among the adult Brazilian population (aged ≥ 18 years). Methods: This is a cross-sectional, population-based study from the 2013 National Health Survey (NHS); it is a sampling cluster process with three stages of selection: census tracts, households, and individuals. The prevalence and 95% confidence interval for the outcome "asthma medical diagnosis" reported by the interviewed subjects were calculated, besides its distribution according to demographic and socioeconomic variables, macroregions, and urban or rural area of the country. Management of the disease was also evaluated among those who reported asthma medical diagnosis and the analyses were weighted. Results: A total of 60,202 adults were interviewed. The prevalence of asthma medical diagnosis was 4.4% (95%CI 4.1 - 4.7), and it was higher among the female subjects, the white skin-colored subjects, those with higher educational level, and those who lived in the south of Brazil. Among those who reported asthma medical diagnosis, a high percentage of asthma attacks were seen in the last 12 months, with around 80% using medication and about 15% referring severe limitation to their daily activities. Conclusions: Although it seems there is asthma diagnosis stability in the country when compared with other researches, we still need public policies for improving the disease management.

Papel da insulina na vigência da peritonite decorrente da infecção por Staphylococcus aureus em animais diabéticos e sadios / Insulin role in peritonitis presence due to Staphylococcus aureus infection in diabetic and healthy animals

A nefropatia diabética é uma doença crônica caracterizada por falência renal, que torna necessária a hemodiálise. A diálise peritoneal é uma alternativa para a hemodiálise, porém causa peritonite e morte, principalmente devido à infecção com Staphylococcus aureus, especialmente em pacientes imunodeprimidos, como pacientes diabéticos. Nossa hipótese é que a insulina possa modular a peritonite causada por S. aureus. Para tanto, investigamos sua intervenção, após a indução de diabetes mellitus, na infecção peritoneal por cepas diferentes de S. aureus, analisando os mecanismos moleculares (produção/liberação de citocinas, expressão de moléculas de adesão) e a atividade microbicida dos macrófagos peritoneais envolvidos. Ratos Wistar, machos, diabéticos (aloxana, 42 mg/kg, i.v., 10 dias) e respectivos controles (salina, i.v.) foram submetidos à injeção intraperitoneal de uma suspensão de S. aureus (5x109 CFU/mL) ou volume equivalente de PBS estéril. Os animais foram submetidos a dois tratamentos com insulina NPH: 1) dose única (1UI e 4UI respectivamente, controle e diabético), administrada por via subcutânea; ou, 2) com 4 doses sendo a primeira administrada 2 horas antes da infecção, seguida de metade desta dose às 17 horas e no mesmo horário pelos próximos 2 dias (dose inicial 4UI e 1UI, grupo diabético e grupo controle, respectivamente), passadas 16 horas da última dose de insulina, a glicemia foi determinada e, em seguida, foi realizada eutanásia e coleta de amostras. Avaliamos: a) número de células no lavado peritoneal (LPe), leucograma e glicemia (monitor de glicose); b) níveis séricos de corticosterona e insulina (ELISA); c) concentrações de citocinas (IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12) e quimiocinas (CINC-1, CINC-2, CINC-3) no sobrenadante do LPe (ELISA); d) expressão de moléculas de adesão (P-selectina, PECAM-1, ICAM-1) no endotélio vascular (imunoistoquímica); e) atividade microbicida. Após a infecção com a cepa ATCC 25923, comparados aos não infectados, ratos diabéticos apresentaram aumento no número de leucócitos (350%) e nas concentrações de CINC-1 (1900%), IL-1ß (1300%), IFN-γ (280%), IL-4 (800%). O tratamento destes animais com dose única de insulina diminuiu as concentrações de CINC-1 (17%) e IFN-γ (30%) e o leucócitos (55%); e aumentou a concentração de IL-4 (260%); enquanto o tratamento com 4 doses diminuiu o número de leucócitos (82%) e as concentrações de CINC-1 (96%) e CINC-2 (45%); e, aumentou as concentrações de TNF-α (270%), IFN-γ (220%), IL-1ß (42%), IL-6 (760%) e a expressão de ICAM-1 (1360%); enquanto as concentrações de CINC-3, IL-10 e IL-12 não foram alteradas pelos tratamentos com insulina. Após a infecção com a cepa N315 HLA+, comparados aos não infectados, ratos diabéticos apresentaram aumento do número de leucócitos (200%), nas concentrações de CINC-1 (1000%), IL-4 (860%), IFN-γ (200%) e na expressão de PECAM-1 (800%) e diminuição de CINC-2 (92%). O tratamento destes animais com dose única de insulina diminuiu a concentração de CINC-1 (85%); e aumentou a concentração de CINC-2 (2030%), IL-1ß (370%) e IL-4 (250%); enquanto o tratamento com 4 doses diminuiu a concentração de CINC-1 (92%); e, aumentou número de leucócitos (66%), as concentrações de CINC-2 (100%), IL-1ß (490%), IL-6 (1870%) e IFN-γ (330%), e os outros parâmetros não foram modificados pelos diferentes tratamentos com insulina. Estes dados sugerem que a insulina possa modular a peritonite induzida por cepas diferentes de S. aureus, controlando pelo menos em parte, o infiltrado inflamatório, a produção das citocinas CINC-1, CINC-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α e IL-1ß; e, consequentemente a expressão P-selectina e PECAM-1 no endotélio vascular do mesentério

Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic disease characterized by kidney failure, so hemodialysis is necessary. Peritoneal dialysis is an alternative to hemodialysis, but causes peritonitis and death primarily due to infection by Staphylococcus aureus, especially in immunocompromised patients, such as diabetics. Our hypothesis is that insulin can modulate peritonitis caused by S. aureus, therefore, we investigated its action, after diabetes induction, in peritoneal infection with different S. aureus strains, analyzing the molecular mechanisms (cytokines production/release, adhesion molecules expression) and the microbicidal activity of peritoneal macrophages involved. Wistar male diabetic (alloxan, 42 mg/kg, iv, 10 days) and their respective controls (saline,iv) were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of S. aureus suspension (5x109CFU/mL) or an equivalent volume of PBS sterile. Animals were submitted to two treatments with NPH insulin administered subcutaneously : single dose (1IU and 4IU respectively , control and diabetic) 8 hours prior to euthanasia ; or 4 doses : first dose 2 hours before infection (4IU and 1IU , diabetic and control group, respectively), then half this dose of 17 pm and in the same time for the next 2 days, after 16 hours of the last dose, blood glucose was determined, and then it was carried out euthanasia and sampling. We evaluated: a) number of cells in peritoneal wash (PW), white blood cell count and blood sugar (glucose monitor) ; b) serum insulin and corticosterone (ELISA); c) concentrations of cytokines (IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12) and chemokines (CINC -1, CINC-2, CINC-3 ) in supernatant of the SBA assay (ELISA); d) expression of adhesion molecules (P- selectin, ICAM-1, PECAM-1) in vascular endothelium ( immunohistochemistry); e) microbicidal activity. After infection with ATCC 25923 strain, compared to uninfected, diabetic rats showed an increase in leukocytes number (350%) and in concentrations of CINC-1 (1900%), IL-1ß (1300%), IFN-γ (280%), IL-4 (800%). Treatment of these animals with a single dose of insulin decreased concentrations of CINC-1 (17%) and IFN-γ (30%) and leukocytes number (55%); and increased IL-4 concentrations (260%); while treatment with 4 doses decreased leukocytes number (82%) and concentrations of CINC-1 (96%) and CINC-2 (45%); and increased concentrations of TNF-α (270%), IFN-γ (220%), IL-1ß (42%), IL-6 (760%) and expression of ICAM-1 (1360%); while the concentrations of CINC-3, IL-10 and IL-12 were not affected by treatments with insulin. After infection with N315 HLA+ strain, compared to uninfected, diabetic rats showed an increase in leukocytes (200%), concentrations of CINC-1 (1000%), IL-4 (860%), IFN-γ (200%) and in the expression of PECAM-1 (800%); and CINC-2 decrease (92%). Treatment of these animals with a single dose of insulin decreased the concentration of CINC-1 (85%); and increased concentrations of CINC-2 (2030%), IL-1ß (370%) and IL-4 (250%); while treatment with 4 doses decreased the concentration of CINC-1 (92%); and increased leukocytes number (66%), concentrations of CINC-2 (100%), IL-1ß (490%), IL-6 (1870%) and IFN-γ (330%), and other parameters were not modified by treatments with insulin. These results suggest that both S. aureus strains activate differently the innate response during peritonitis, and insulin was not always able to modulate this response

Endocardite aórtica e tricúspide em pacientes de hemodiálise com embolia sistêmica e pulmonar / Aortic and tricuspid endocarditis in hemodialysis patient with systemic and pulmonary embolism

RESUMO Este artigo relata o caso de um homem caucasiano de 43 anos de idade com nefropatia terminal em tratamento com hemodiálise e apresentando endocardite infecciosa das válvulas aórtica e tricúspide. O quadro clínico foi dominado pelo comprometimento neurológico, devido à embolia cerebral e a componentes hemorrágicos. Uma tomografia computadorizada tóraco-abdominal revelou um êmbolo séptico pulmonar. O paciente foi submetido à antibioticoterapia empírica utilizando ceftriaxona, gentamicina e vancomicina, sendo o tratamento modificado para flucloxacilina e gentamicina após o isolamento de S. aureus nas hemoculturas. A equipe multidisciplinar determinou que o paciente deveria ser submetido à substituição de válvulas após estabilização da hemorragia intracraniana; contudo, no oitavo dia após a hospitalização, o paciente entrou em parada cardíaca causada por embolia séptica pulmonar maciça, vindo a falecer. Apesar do risco de agravamento da lesão hemorrágica cerebral, em pacientes de alto risco deveria ser considerado realizar precocemente uma intervenção cirúrgica.

ABSTRACT This is a case report of a 43-year-old Caucasian male with end-stage renal disease being treated with hemodialysis and infective endocarditis in the aortic and tricuspid valves. The clinical presentation was dominated by neurologic impairment with cerebral embolism and hemorrhagic components. A thoracoabdominal computerized tomography scan revealed septic pulmonary embolus. The patient underwent empirical antibiotherapy with ceftriaxone, gentamicin and vancomycin, and the therapy was changed to flucloxacilin and gentamicin after the isolation of S. aureus in blood cultures. The multidisciplinary team determined that the patient should undergo valve replacement after the stabilization of the intracranial hemorrhage; however, on the 8th day of hospitalization, the patient entered cardiac arrest due to a massive septic pulmonary embolism and died. Despite the risk of aggravation of the hemorrhagic cerebral lesion, early surgical intervention should be considered in high-risk patients.

Oculo-peritoneal shunt: draining aqueous humor to the peritoneum / Derivação óculo-peritoneal: drenagem do humor aquoso para o peritônio

In 2010, there were estimated to be approximately 60.5 million people with glaucoma. This number is expected to increase to 79.6 million by 2020. In 2010, there were 8.4 million people with bilateral blindness caused by glaucoma, and this number is expected in increase to 11.2 million by 2020. Filtering implants are special devices that have been developed to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with refractory glaucoma. The success rate of these implants is relatively low, and they continue to fail over time. To avoid failure caused by the formation of scar tissue around the implants, attempts have been made to drain the aqueous humor to various sites, including the venous system, lacrimal sac, sinuses, and conjunctival fornix. Recently, a system to shunt aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the peritoneum has been developed. The surgical technique involved in this system is a modification of the technique currently used by neurosurgeons for the treatment of hydrocephalus. We present the first case operated using this technique.

Calcula-se que em 2010 havia provavelmente 60,5 milhões de pessoas com glaucoma, com aumento previsto para 79,6 milhões em 2020; a cegueira bilateral por glaucoma era detectada em 8,4 milhões de pessoas, em 2010, e com aumento estimado para 11,2 milhões em 2020. Dispositivos especiais foram desenvolvidos para reduzir a pressão intraocular em pacientes com glaucoma refratário, chamados implantes de filtragem. A taxa de sucesso destes implantes é relativamente baixa, e sabe-se que elas continuam a diminuir ao longo do tempo. Para evitar as falhas produzidas pela cicatrização de tecido em torno dos implantes, foram feitas tentativas de drenagem do humor aquoso para diferentes locais, tais como o sistema venoso, saco lacrimal, os seios paranasais e fórnice conjuntival. Revendo o tratamento atual da hidrocefalia, uma técnica de derivação a partir da câmara anterior para o peritônio foi desenvolvida. A técnica cirúrgica desenvolvida é uma modificação da técnica atualmente utilizada por neurocirurgiões para o tratamento de hidrocefalia. Apresentamos o primeiro caso operado com esta técnica.

Macular dystrophy associated with Kjellin’s syndrome: a case report / Distrofia macular associada à síndrome de Kjellin: um relato de caso

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is characterized by weakness and spasticity of the lower extremities. Kjellin’s syndrome is a rare syndrome associated with HSP. The syndrome is characterized by the presence of bilateral retinal flecks, similar to the findings in Stargardt disease and fundus flavimaculatus. We report the case of a 34-year-old male who presented with complete features of Kjellin’s syndrome, with typical retinal findings observed on multimodal imaging (spectral domain optical coherence tomography [SD-OCT], near-infrared reflectance and autofluorescence imaging). The ophthalmological changes at early stages of the disease may not impair visual acuity. Therefore, the detection of central retinal degeneration requires thorough fundus examination.

A paralisia espástica hereditária (HSP) é caracterizada por fraqueza e espasticidade das extremidades inferiores. A síndrome de Kjellin é uma rara associação de HSP com a presença de flecks retinianos similares aos encontrados em pacientes com doença de Stargardt ou fundus flavimaculatus. Descrevemos os achados em imagens multimodais da retina (tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral [SD-OCT], reflectância próxima ao infravermelho e autofluorescência) em um paciente de 34 anos que apresenta conjunto completo de sinais e sintomas da síndrome de Kjellin. As alterações retinianas em estágios iniciais da doença podem aparecer, mesmo sem redução da acuidade visual, e por isso, para detecção da degeneração central da retina, é necessário exame minucioso do fundo de olho.

The family's role as a support network for people living with HIV/AIDS: a review of Brazilian research into the theme / A família como rede de apoio às pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS: uma revisão na literatura brasileira

The study of HIV transmission and the implementation of AIDS prevention actions recognize the importance of social networks in the transmission of the disease, the adherence to treatment and the quality of life of those infected. For this relevance there was a review of articles on social support networks to people living with HIV /AIDS available in the Virtual Health Library (VHL) were published in Brazil between 2002 and 2012. In this study 31 articles were used from journals covering the following áreas: Nursing (n = 15), Psychology (n = 6) and Science Health / Biomedica (n = 6), were included, which some principal authors were affiliated to higher education public institutions (n = 17). In relation to the methodology used, priority wasgiven to conducting: qualitative research (n = 18), cross-sectional studies (n = 19) and studies that involved talking to people living with HIV/AIDS (n = 13). Particular importance was placed on analytic categories related to: adherence to treatment (n = 6), the family (n = 4), vulnerability (n = 3) and support from social networks (n = 5). Within this paper we argue for more investments into studies that focus on the family, carers and their households, as well as deepening the theoretical study of the themes discussed and the use of developed theories for the analysis of Social Networks.

O estudo da transmissão do HIV e a implementação de ações de prevenção da AIDS reconhece a importância das redes sociais na contaminação, adesão ao tratamento e qualidade de vida das pessoas infectadas. Por tal relevância, realizou-se uma revisão de artigos sobre redes sociais de apoio às pessoas que vivem com HIV/ AIDS, disponíveis na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e publicados no Brasil no período de 2002 a 2012. Encontraram-se 31 artigos em revistas de Enfermagem (n = 15), Psicologia (n = 6) e Ciências da Saúde/Biomédicas (n = 6), produzidos por primeiros autores associados a Instituições de Ensino Superior públicas (n = 17). Quanto à metodologia, priorizou-se o método qualitativo (n = 18), estudos transversais (n = 19) e a participação exclusiva de pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS (n = 13). Houve predomínio de categorias analíticas relacionadas à adesão ao tratamento (n = 6), família (n = 4), vulnerabilidade (n = 3) e apoio/suporte social/ rede de apoio (n = 5). Discute-se a necessidade de investimento em estudos que privilegiem familiares e cuidadores como participantes e seus domicílios como lócus de investigação, bem como maior aprofundamento teórico nos estudos das temáticas abordadas e utilização de teorias desenvolvidas para análise de Redes Sociais.